上海市共和中学杨家贵英语作文教学向웃来是英语教学中的难点,学生写作的确也存在着各种各样的问题,如果让学生从基础抓起,一条条地去克服,显然对于学习任务繁重,而有不得不时时紧张备考各门功课的学生来说,是耗不起如此巨大的精力与时间的.但是,只要我们英语教师不断地钻研作文的辅导方法,积累更多的切实可行的英语作文写作模式教与学生,这也不失为快速﹑有效﹑全面地解决问题,提高学生英语写作水平的好方法.分析了高中英语议论文的相关要点，提供两种类型的议论文写作模式,用于对学生的指导，使其能利用所提供的议论文模式轻松地完成写作✎任务．

一、英语议论文写作要点

议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者见解和主张.作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读

者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点:

1.论点要鲜明、确切．一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点．论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证．

2.论据要充分、可靠．一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据．

3.论证要严密、得法．归纳法（induction）和演绎法（deduction）是议论文常用的论证方法．归纳法的例子为基础，从几个例子和现象中，归纳出某种道理和看法．例如：报纸是一种媒体（medium），人们可以从中得到现代信息；电视是一种媒体，人们也可以从中获得信息；广播也是媒体，人们同样可以从中获得现代信息．因此我们可以得出结论，其他媒体，如网络等，一定会给人们信息．演绎法以一个或多个看法为基础，从一般论断，演绎到不同事例，再加以论述，最后再回到一般论断上来．例如：所有的媒体都可以给人们提供信息，网络是媒体，因此人们可以从网络中获得信息．在归纳中要注意使用的例子要充分，不能以点概面．如：（课本高二上P81）：

Iborrowedabookfromthelibrarylastweek.Itwasveryboringanddifficult.Ireadonlytenpages.Therefore,Ithinkthatalllibrarybooksareuseless.

评注:Itdoesnothavealogicalargument.Thewriterdislikeonelibrarybook,butnotalllibrarybooksarethesame.Thewritershouldnotmakeageneralstatementbasedonhisreactionstoonesinglebook.

二、议论文的写作步骤:

1.引言．由于英语作文受时间，字数的限制．因此，在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支援什么，反对什么．

2.主体段（mainbody）．主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据．（adequateproofs）来论证自己的观点．一般可提出一个或两个proofs,并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述．

3.结论（conclusion）．结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章．同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话．

例：课本高二上P78第一封信

Tutorialcenterishelpful.

Ihavestudiedatatutorialcenterfortwoyears.MycommandofEnglishhasimprovedconsiderablysinceIstartedthiscourse.

Atmycenter,thefeesarereasonable.Mytutorsarequalifiedteachers.Ihavebeenhelpedalotbythem.Theyaresincereandkind.

OneofmyteacherswasBritish.Atfirst,Icouldnotsayanythingtoher.ButlaterIlearnedhowtocommunicateinEnglishwithawesterner.

IthinkthatthetutorialcenterhasgivenmealotofconfidenceinusingEnglish.评注:第一段提出论点,体现家教中心是helpful,主体段分别从几个方面来阐述家教中心的确有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用,且语句表达与第一段中的不重复.

三、议论文的写作模式

1.议论文的类型

英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:

①“一分为二”的观点．如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”

②“两者选一”的观点．如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机”

③“我认为……”型．如“你对课外阅读的看法”

④“怎样……（howto）”型．如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”．

⑤图表作文．通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法．

按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作．在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面：通过正反两个方面的对比，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利．论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，若利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点．反之亦然．

在第②种类型中，命题要求在A或B两者之间作一比较或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论部分有两种情况：

a.要么支持A，要么支持B;

b.A、B优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选A,在什么条件选B．

下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.2.“一分为二”观点的议论文模式

Introduction

第1段:Nowadaysmoreandmorepeople．．．/．．．playsanimportantpartin．．．.likeeverythingelse,．．．has/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects/bothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Generally,thefavorableaspects/advantagescanbelistedasfollows.Mainbody

第2段：Firstly,..Secondly,…Inaddition/What’smore…

第3段:Everycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspects/disadvantagesarealsoapparent/obvious.Tobeginwith…;Tomakemattersworse…;Worseofall…

Conclusion

第4段:Throughaboveanalysis/Allthingsconsidered,wecanseethatthepositiveaspects/advantagesoutweighthenegativeones/disadvantages.Therefore…例文1.看电视的利与弊AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTV

NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV.SoTVplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.ButwatchingTVhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.

Firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingTV.Asweallknow,learningthingsbyTVismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.Forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.

Secondly,youmayknowanybod♛yyouwanttoknowsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.

What’smore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.Let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.AndnowopenyourTVandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.

Everycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Forexample,watchingtoomuchTVcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.Tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingTVsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.

Throughaboveanalysis,IthinkwatchingTVisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchTV.ButwhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingTVwilldestroyourlife.例文2.谈谈出国留学的利与弊WheretoattendacollegeNowadฬaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearegoingtostudyabroad.Likeeverythingelse,studyingabroadhasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,thefavorableaspectscanbelistedasfollows.

Firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations.Secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly.Moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews.

Everycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Thecostsaremuchhigherthanthoseintheirnativecountry.Mostoverseasstudentshavetoworkforaliving,whichcan’tallowthemtopayalltheirattentiontostudy.What’smore,theymayfeelverylonely.

Throughaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy.写作练习：

①谈谈校服（schooluniforms）.

提示：近年来，越来越多的中小学要求穿校服．对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论，请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点．

Reference:someofthemainargumentsforandagainstschooluniforms.

FORAGAINST

1.Studentslookneatandtidy.1.Uniformsareexpensive.

2.Thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom.2.Childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms.

3.Parentsallpaythesamemoney.3.Someuniformsareveryuncomfortable.

4.Studentsdon’tworryaboutfashions.4.Studentsalllookthesame,can’tbeindividuals.

5.Teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips.5.Getboredwithsameclotheseveryday.

6.Gooddisciplineforstudents.②说广告（aboutadvertisement）.

提示：有人说广告在现代社会是很重要，有人认为广告的促销成分太多，你认为……3.“两者选一”观点的议论文模式

模式⑴:A、B两者优劣势分析,要么选A,要么选B.

Introduction

第1段:Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatissuperiortoinmanyways.Others,however,arguethatismuchbetter.Personally,IwouldpreferbecauseIthinkhasmoreadvantages.Mainbody

第2段：TherearemanyreasonswhyIprefer.Themainreasonisthat…Anotherreasonisthat…

Conclusion

第4段:Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,ismuchbetterthan.fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat…例文:Whichisbetter?Carsorbikes?

Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatprivatecarsaresuperiortobicyclesinmanyways.Others,however,arguethatthebicycleismuchbetter.Personally,IwouldprefertheuseofcarsbecauseIthinkcarshavemoreadvantages.

TherearemanyreasonswhyIprefercars.Themainreasonisthatcarsbringconvenienceandmobilitytotheowners.What’smore,acarisfarmorecomfortabletotravelin,especiallyinthechangeableweather.Anotherreasonisthat,whenmorepeoplebuycars,theautomobileindustrywilldevelopmorequickly.Thegrowthoftheautomobileindustrycanmotivatetheriseofotherrelatedindustriessuchasironandsteelproduction.

Ofcourse,bicyclescantakeyoutoanywhereyoulikeintownanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.Besides,itisnotasexpensiveasacarandthereforeeveryfamilycanaffordtobuy.

Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,carsaremuchbetterthanbicycles.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthatpeoplecanlivebetterwiththeuseofcars.模式⑵:A、B优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择A或B.

Introduction

第1段:Whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetweenand?Beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.Mainbody

第2段：Itistruethat.Itisalsotruethat.But.

第3段:Though.,.Furthermore,.Conclusion

第4段:Therefore,ifyou…,youshouldchoose,butifyou…,youshouldchoose.例文:Listeningtotheradioorreadingthenewspapers?

Whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetweenlisteningtotheradioandreadingthenewspapers?Beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.

Itistruethatlisteningtotheradioisquickandconvenient.Itisalsotruethatweca✞nlistentotheradiowhilearedoingsomethingelse.Sowecansavealotoftime.Butradioprogramshavetheirowntimeschedule.Youcannotgettheinformationyouneedeverytimeyouturnonyourradio.

Thoughnewspapersarenotasquickasradio,readingfromthenewspapercancertainlybringusnewsmoreclearlyandmoreexactly.Furthermore,whilereading,wehavetimetothinkaboutwhatwearereading,tojudgeit,toanalyzeit,andthenwewillbemoreawareofitscauseandeffect.

Wearelivinginaninformationage.Wehavetomakefulluseoftheinformationwecangetifwearetoachieveourgoals.

Therefore,ifwewanttogetthelatestnews,wecanlistentotheradio,butifwewanttogettheexactwords,we’dbetterreadthenewspaper.写作练习:

①健康与财富

提示:健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题,请简述你的观点.

②哪里住更好

提示:有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬.各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何?参考文献:

1.OxfordEnglishforSeniorHighSchoolStudents,OxfordUniversityPress,1996.

2.王长喜十二句作文法,王长喜,北京:中国社会出版社,2003.7

3.英语高分指导.写作.高中卷,郭凤高,第二版,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2004

4.高考英语作文直通车,曹越宇,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2003附录:

一、写作常用逻辑衔接词

根据衔接词本身在文章中所起的作用,主要分为以下四类,即“起”“承”“转”“合”.

1.表示“起”的常用词语.用于开篇引出扩展句.

atfirst

atpresent

currently

first

inthebeginning

tobeginwith

firstofall

inthefirstplace

lately

tostartwith

now2.有关“承”的常用词语.用来承接上文,表递进.

After/afterthat/afterwards

Afterafewdays

Afterawhile

Also/too

Atanyrate

Atthesametime

Besides

Furthermore

Inaddition

Inadditionto

Infact

Inotherwords

Inparticular

particularly

Inthesameway

Incidentally

Indeed

Meanwhile

Moreover

Nodoubt

Obviously

Ofcourse3.有关“转”的常用词语.用来表示不同或相反的意思.

Afteralleventhough

Allthetimenevertheless

Anywaynoheless

Atthesametimestill

Converselyinfact

In/bycontrastasamatteroffact

Despiteespecially

Fortunatelyhowever

Inspiteofluckily

Though/althoughnodoubt

Onthecontraryotherwise

Unfortunatelyunlike

Whereasyet

4.有关“合”的常用词语.用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容.

Aboveallinsum

Accordinglyinsummary

Asaconsequenceonthewhole

Asaresulttherefore

Ashasbeennotedthus

AsIhavesaidtospeakfrankly

Atlasttosumup

Atlengthtosummarize

Brieflysurely

Bydoingsotoconclude

Consequentlynodoubt

Eventuallyundoubtedly

Finallydoubtless

Hencetruly

Inbriefso

Inconclusionobviously

Inshortcertainly

Allinall

高中英语议写作指导飞雪

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