the,34th,beijing,international

时间:2024-09-22 07:26:43 来源:作文网 作者:管理员

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第一篇:《双语:北京国际马拉松成了雾霾拉松》

The 34th Beijing International Marathon has acquired a new name among some disappointed participants: Smogathon.

第34届北京国际马拉松赛有了新名称,一些感到沮丧的选手称之为:霾拉松。 About 30,000 runners, many from other parts of China or abroad, awoke in the Chinese capital on Sunday to an orange sun glowing weakly through a dirty haze. 周日,大约三万名选手——其中许多来自中国其他地区及国外——在中国首都醒来,太阳透过肮脏的雾霭发出微弱的橙色光芒。

Some ran anyway. Some ran away. But no one canceled on the advice of the organizers, the Chinese Athletic Association and the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Sports, because those organization did not call it off. That sparked calls from

participants for the International Association of Athletics Federations, which has approved the 26-mile, or 42-kilometer, race, to set air quality standards in the future to avoid damaging the runners’ health. The association could not be reached by telephone on Sunday.

有的人还是决定参加比赛。有的人放弃了。但即便是放弃也并非出于组织者——中国田径协会及北京市体育局的建议,因为他们没有取消比赛。这促使参与者呼吁国际田联(International Association of Athletics Federations,简称IAAF),也就是核准了这项赛程为26英里(约合42公里)的马拉松赛事的机构,在未来设定空气质量标准,以避免选手健康受到损害。周日,记者无法通过电话与IAAF取得联系。

“Does the IAAF have guidelines?” asked Chas Pope, a British engineer who took part in the marathon on Sunday. “If they don’t, they should consider it,” said Mr. Pope, who has lived in Beijing for 11 years and runs several long-distance races each year.

周日参与马拉松比赛的英国工程师查斯·波普(Chas Pope)问道,“IAAF有设定标准吗?”他说,“如果没有的话,他们应该考虑一下。”波普在北京生活了11年,每年都会参加几场长跑比赛。

Skeptical that the air on Sunday would be good after what has been a smoggy autumn, Mr. Pope said he had only entered the half-marathon, which was on offer in addition to other, shorter distances.He started out wearing a face mask — a

common defense against Beijing’s gray air. Then, at the 10-kilometer mark, he took the mask off to see what it was catching. It was dark with dirt.

由于今年秋天雾霾严重,波普对周日的空气质量表示怀疑,他称自己只参加了半程马拉松赛,除了全程比赛外,选手可以选择距离较短的半程比赛。波普带着口罩——抵御北京雾霾的常用品——开始了比赛。在10公里处,他摘下口罩查看,发现口罩已经变黑了。

“It’s meant to be fun and good for your health,” Mr. Pope said of the marathon. But in such air, “it’s just plain ridiculous to be running,” he said. He abandoned the course. “Most of my expat friends pulled out,” he said. “And quite a few of my Chinese frie郭明义事迹nds too, but a lot didn’t. I think they don’t know as much about the health impact.”

波普提到马拉松时说,“参加比赛本来是为了乐趣和身体健康。”但他说,在这样的空气中跑步,“简直太荒谬了”。他放弃了比赛。“大多数外国朋友都退出了比赛,”他说。“少数中国朋友也退出了,但有很多人继续参加比赛。我觉的他们不太了解这种空气对健康的影响。”

Images on Twitter and Chinese social media showed Chinese runners sporting a variety of face protection, from light cloth masks to World War I-style gas masks. Twitter及中国社交媒体上的图像显示,中国的选手们戴着各种面部保护用品,从轻薄的口罩到第一次世界大战风格的防毒面具。

“Today’s race should definitely have been called off or rescheduled,” said Zhang Kai, Beijing-based campaigner with Greenpeace East Asia.

绿色和平东亚部(Greenpeace East Asia)北京办公室的工作人员张凯说,“今天的比赛明显应该取消,重新安排。”

“What happened today to this iconic sports even is just another reminder to the government that much remains to be done to China’s energy and industrial

structure” to solve pollution, said Mr. Zhang. “If the battle against pollution is a marathon, it is now time to catch up on speed.”

张凯说,“这场标志性的体育运动今天遇到的情况,再次提醒中国政府,中国在能源机构及产业结构方面还要做很多工作”才能解决污染问题。“如果对抗污染的斗争是一场马拉松,现在是时候赶上速度了。”

Still, many completed the race without masks, said Chen Mei, a mother of two who finished the 10-kilometer race she entered.

陈梅(音译)表示,很多人在没有戴口罩的情况下完成了比赛。陈梅是两个孩子的母亲,她参加并完成了10公里的比赛。

“For me it wasn’t too bad,” Ms. Chen said “I’m not a person who always wears a face mask.”

“对我来说,不是特别糟糕,”陈梅说,“我不是那种整天戴着口罩的人。”

“I love Beijing, the city, and the pollution and the traffic,” she said. “It’s not Beijing’s fault, it’s everyone’s fault and we should all do something about it. Everybody complains about it, but nobody does anything. Nobody rides a bicycle instead of driving a car. And everyone wants more shops, more cars.”

“我爱北京,这座城市,这里的污染和交通,”她说。“这不是北京的错,这是大家的错,我们应该为此做些事情。大家都在抱怨,没人做点什么。没人放弃开车,骑自行车。大家都想要更多商店,更多汽车。”

Despite air pollution that reached a “severely polluted” score of 444 at a Chinese government air quality monitoring station near the marathon’s starting point on Sunday — an inauspicious number that sounds like the Chinese words for “death death death” — organizers decided not to halt the event on the grounds it would be “too difficult.” The reading represents a compilation of fine particulate matter or PM 2.5; coarser particulate matter, or PM10; and ozone, sulphur, carbon and nitrogen dioxide levels.

周日,尽管中国政府在马拉松起点附近设立的空气质量监控站显示,空气污染指数已经达到了444——“严重污染”的水平,组织者仍决定继续举行比赛,因为取消比赛“难度太大”。444是一个不吉利的数字,中文发音听起来像“死死死”。这个读数

是对细颗粒物PM2.5、较粗颗粒物PM10,以及臭氧、硫磺、碳和二氧化氮水平的汇编。 At that pollution level the Chinese government advises: “Outdoor Sports Not Suitable, Avoid Outdoor Activities, Open Windows Not Recommended, Masks

擦玻璃作文

Necessary and Air Purifier Necessary.” But instead of following this advice,

municipal authorities advised runners to “watch weather conditions” and make a decision about running based on their personal health.

中国政府建议,达到这种污染水平时,“不适合室外运动、避免室外活动、不宜开窗,有必要戴口罩,使用空气净化器。”但北京市相关机构没有遵循这些建议,而是建议参赛选手“注意天气情况”,根据自身健康情况决定是否参赛。

The previous evening, with smog building, the organizers issued a text message

alerting runners to the possibility of “light to medium” smog. Runners should drink more water and eat foods that would cause them to spit more, they said.

前一天晚上,随着雾霾的加重,组织者发送信息,提醒参赛选手可能有“轻至中度雾霾”出现。他们称,参赛选手应该多喝水,吃一些清热润燥利咽的食物。

“I’m sure many people dropped out, but I was surprised how many people finished,” Ms. Chen said.

陈梅说,“我确定有很多人会退出比赛,但最后完成比赛的人数让我很意外。”

“I saw a lot of young people running and I remembered how when I ran it once before a lot of young people dropped out,” she said. “You know, Chinese people didn’t use to have very strong physiques, but that’s really getting better.” “我看到很多年轻人在跑,我记得自己之前参加比赛时,很多年轻人都退出了,”她说。“大家都知道,中国人过去体格不是很强壮,但现在真的有所改善。”

In the end, the race was won by two Ethiopians: Girmay Birhanu Gebru won the men’s race in 2 hours, 10 minutes and 42 seconds while Fatuma Sado Dergo won the women’s in 2 hours, 30 minutes and 3 seconds, breaking Chinese women’s dominance of the race for the last 22 years.

最终,两名埃塞俄比亚人夺冠:吉尔梅·比尔哈努·格布鲁(Girmay Birhanu Gebru)以2小时10分42秒获得男子组冠军,法图马·萨多·杰尔戈(Fatuma Sado Dergo)以2小时

30分03秒获得女子组冠军,打破了中国女子选手过去22年在比赛中一统天下的局面。 The favored Chinese woman runner, Gong Lihua, told China News Net that the smog didn’t affect her too much but it interfered with many people’s ability to sweat, affecting their performance.

赛前被看好的中国女选手宫丽华告诉中国新闻网,雾霾对她的影响不大,但这种天气导致很多人排汗不畅,因此影响了他们的成绩。

The men’s winner, Mr. Gebru, teold China News Net that he was satisfied with his performance given the adverse conditions.

男子组冠军格布鲁对中国新闻网表示,鉴于天气状况糟糕,他对自己的成绩很满意。 “Being able to run with this result under these weather conditions was not easy,” he said, in remarks translated from the Chinese.

他说:“能在这样的天气中跑出这样的成绩已经很不容易。”the,34th,beijing,international。

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第二篇:《消费者选择权》

C2C电子商务模式下消费者购买决策影响因素分析

[摘要] 本文结合传统消费者决策行为理论和网络消费者决策行为理论,分析得出影响C2C电子商务模式下网络消费者购买决策的两个因素:个人因素、C2C网站和商家构成的购物环境两个因素。并对这两个因素进行具体分析。

[关键字] C2C 电子商务 购买决策 影响因素

一、引言

网络经济时代的到来使电子商务(Electronic Commerce, EC)得到了快速的发展。网络销售平台因具有产品多样化、成本的降低和不受时间空间限制等优势,使得C2C拥有巨大的发展空间。

网络购物与传统购物存在着差别,很多学者对网络消费者购物的决策行为进行了研究。文献[1]认为,网上消费者通过两个阶段的过程来作出他们的决定:浏览及选择阶段;评价、对比、做出购买决策。Jarvenpaa,Tractinsky,Vitale(2000)研究了消费者是否选择网上购买主要有两个原因:对网上购物的态度和对该网站知觉到的风险。而Chau,Au,Tam认为电子商务网站的信息呈现越有效,越容易使用,消费者对该网站的评价就越高,从而更易产生购物意图。Li Na和Zhang Ping提出了消费者网上购物态度和行为的研究模型,着重于态度和行为及其影响因素[4]。文献[5]认为账户安全,卖家信誉度等因素影响消费者的在线购买行为。本文针对C2C电子商务模式,结合传统购物方式,从消费者个人因素和购买环境因素两方面对消费者购买决策进行探讨和分析。

二、个人因素对C2C模式下网络消费者购买决策的影响

最终的消费者决策是由个人作出的,因此个人的心理和行为特征对消费决策有着重大的影响。Philipkotler(2002)提出了从个人角度影响消费者决策的四层面,即文化、社会、个人和心理层面。网络购物的决策也受这四个层面的影响。

1.文化对消费者网络购买决策的影响

大量的研究表明,亚文化对消费者决策的影响要远远大于主流文化。亚文化不仅包括与主流文化共通的价值观念,还包括自己独特的价值观念。每个人都是在特定的文化氛围中成长起来的,所在的国家、地区、家庭等的文化都会影响一个人的价值观、观念和行为方式。例如,一个年龄亚文化群是由年龄相近,且生活经历相似的人组成的。以“80后”为例,他们追求个性、时尚,都能熟练使用计算机、充分的利用网络,同时学历较高,大多数在积累了网络购物经验后最终都能够理性消费。淘宝网十分重视在这种文化背景下的交易双方的沟通问题,例如使用淘宝旺旺软件以及使用个性化的旺旺表情等。

2.社会因素对消费者网络购买决策的影响

社会因素包括消费者所属群体、家庭以及社会角色和社会地位。调查显示:我国网民对互联网信任度较低。只有三分之一的(35.1%)的网民表示对互联网信任。在这样的社会环境影响下,很多人会对网络购物忘而却步。

3.个人特点对消费者网络购买决策的影响

个人特点包括年龄和所处的生命周期、职业、城市化、生活方式、个性和自我概念等。对于使用C2C购物的消费者,从年龄和生命周期看,大多数是处于25岁以下的年轻一族,大多是拥有着良好教育和收入的白领一族或者对计算机网络操作比较熟悉的大学生、研究生。网络购物的人群大都集中在城市,在生活方式(VALS)的区分上,自我导向型和行动导向型生活方式的消费者是网络购物的主要力量。而每个人独特的个性也影响着他的购买行为。个性一般以性格的方式表现出来,善于沟通、乐于交际的人更愿意通过C2C的方式进行购物,在C2C网站社区中与网友分享自己的购物经历。

4.心理因素对消费者网络购买决策的影响

消费者的购买选择进一步受四个主要的心理因素的影响:动机、感知、学习及信念和态度。需要决定动机,对真实商品使用价值的需求直接导致购买动机,C2C网站提供了多样化使用价值的商品。还有基于社交的需求被尊重的需要等都能够导致网上购买的动机。学习是指由经验而引起的个人行为上的改变。一

个人的学习是通过驱动力、刺激、暗示、反应和强化的交互影响而产生的,C2C网站应该能够做到使用促成暗示或提供正面强化,使消费者对陈列的商品形成强大的驱动力。同时,消费者通过实践和学习获得信念和态度,信念和态度都会影响购买决策。

三、购物环境因素对C2C模式下网络消费者购买决策的影响

1.低价

这是电子商务模式最大的优势之一,低价的原因是降低了交易成本以及没有各种现实店铺的各种费用发生。网上购物的消费者都希望能买到质优价廉的商品。C2C网站的卖家都拥有不同的进货渠道,提供的价格和质量也不同,消费者可以通过信息搜索以及与卖家沟通得到最大的性价比,这是C2C的优势所在。

2.风险因素

这是制约电子商务以及C2C的首要因素。这种风险主要表现在两个方面:首先,网络是虚拟性的,购买的商品有着与实际不符的风险。其次就是网上支付风险,即使现在的C2C网站都会使用安全第三方以及网络警察、使用安全控件等措施来保证支付的安全性,但是网络支付总是会存在信用卡信息被窃取、网络中断或系统故障造成资金流失时的责任归属不清等各种问题带来的风险。

3.卖家信誉因素

C2C模式下,卖家各不相同,很难在短时间内信任某一个卖家。因此为了规避风险,很多消费者都选择了信誉度高的卖家,信誉度高的卖家表明了具有很好的消费者反馈,消费者会对其产生信任,满足了消费者潜意识里愿意去信任、希望购买成功的愿望。实践证明,拥有良好信誉的卖家总是能获得更多的信任,吸引更多的网络消费者。

4.产品多样化因素

网络销售的优势之一就是产品的多样化。有很多现实商店中找不到的东西大多可以在网上找到。在这个张扬个性的时代,很多人都希望与众不同,C2C网站商品的多样化恰好满足了消费者的心理需要,从而影响消费者的购买决策。

5.售后服务因素

很多消费者会因为不能享受很好的售后服务而拒绝在网上购物。这里的售后服务包括商品邮寄的及时性和收到商品后的一系列售后服务。由于交易双方无法见面,也存在一定的空间距离,卖家也存在差异,因此售后服务是网络购物一个很难解决的制约因素。

6.购买流程的复杂程度the,34th,beijing,international。

为了交易安全,C2C网站设计的支付流程一般都比较复杂,例如每个步骤都需要输入不同的密码,验证身份等各种流程,消费者记住密码和熟悉流程都需要一段时间。很多消费者已经产生购买意向,但是由于网上购物流程过于复杂而放弃购物。因此,购买流程的复杂程度也影响着网络购买的决策。

四、结束语

C2C电子商务模式是一种方便快捷的商务模式,而消费者的购买决策受到众多因素的影响。本文认为,一方面,商家应该从消费者个人角度考虑,使购物环境更加符合不同消费者的个性因素;另一方面,卖家和网络组成的环境应该得到更大的改善,以吸引消费者和保障消费者的权益,促进C2C电子商务快速和良性的发展。

参考文献:

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[2]Hei jden H V,Verhagen T,Creemers M. Predicting Online Purchase Behavior:Replications and Tests of Competing Models.Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2001

[3]Li NaZhang Ping:Consumer online shopping attitudes and behavior: An assessment of research.Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2002.508~518

[4]董雅丽杨蓓:C2C电子商务平台下消费者购买行为的影响因素分析[J].消费经济,2007,6:32~35,38

[5]张延燕许百华:影响消费者决策的亚文化因素研究概述[J].人类工效学,2004,10(1):23~25

第三篇:《参考文献》

参 考 文 献

第一章 电力市场基本理论

第二章 电力市场模式

第三章 实时电价和相应管理

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[2] 戴彦,倪以信,文福拴,韩祯祥。电力市场下的无功电价研究。电力系统自动化,2000,24(5)。

[3] 古祥祯,安乐定译,计算短期有功和无功电量边际成本,IEEE学报电力系统,1997,12(2)。

[4] Y.Dai, Y.X.Ni, C.M.Shen,F.S.Wen, Z.X.Han, Felix F.Wu. “A study of reactive power marginal price in electricity market”. Electric Power System Research 57(2001).

[5] Julian Barquin Gil,Tomas Gomez San Roman, Juan Jose Alba Rios, Pedro Sanchez Martin. “Reactive Power Pricing: A Conceptual Framework for Remuneration and Charging Procedures”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems.2000,Vol.15, No2.

[6] Y.Z.Li, A.K.David,Wheeling “Rates of Reactive Power Flow under Marginal Cost Pricing”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems. 1994,Vol.9,No3.

[7] Jin Zhong, Kankar Bhattacharya, “Toward a Competitive Market for Reactive Power”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems. 2002,Vol.17,No4.

[8] Tom Parkinson, “Making Bilateral Competition Work”.

[9] Harry Singh, Shangyou Hao, Alex Papalexopoulos, “Transmission Congestion Management in Competitive Electricity Markets”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems. 1998, Vol.13,No2.

[10] M.I.Alomoush, S.M.Shahidehpour, “Generalized model for fixed transmission rights auction”. Electric Power System Research. 54(2000).

[11] John D. Finney, Hisham A. Othman, William L.Rutz, “Evaluating Transmission Congestion Constraints in System Planning”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems. 1997, Vol.12,No3.

[12] Thomas W. Gedra, “On Transmission Congestion and Pricing”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems. 1999, Vol14,No1.

[13] 方军,张永平,等。输电阻塞管理的新方法述评(一):——基于潮流的可交易输电权。电网技术,2001,25(7)。

[14] 方军,张永平,等。输电阻塞管理的新方法述评(二):金融性输电权及与FGR之比较。电网技术,2001,25(9)。

[15] Gabriel C.Ejebe, James G.Waight, Manuel Santos-Nieto, William F.Tinney. “Fast Calculation of Linear Available Transfer Capability”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems. 2000, Vol.15,No3.

[16] G. Hamou北京游记作文d, “Assessment of Available Transfer Capability of Transmission Systems”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems. 2000, Vol.15,No1.

[17] 刘俊勇,何迈。合理分配电网网损,提高电网经营管理水平。

[18] CAISO, “Report on CAISO operation”,1998,USA.

[19] A.J.Conejo, J.M.Arroyo, N.Alguacil,A.L.Guijarro. “Transmission Loss Allocation: A Comparison of Different Practical Algorithms”. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems. 2002,Vol.17, No3.

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