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第一篇:《20、The Rise of Islam》

The Rise of Islam

The religion of Islam was directly influenced in the early 600s by the prophet Muhammad. The religion he preached changed the course of history, by uniting the peoples of Arabia to from a huge Arab empire that stretched almost from China to the border of France.

In the early 7th century, the Arab peoples were not united in any way. Some farmed the land while others were traders

crossing the desert with camel-drawn caravans. At this time they all worshiped different gods. Then, in about 610, an Arab merchant named Muhammad preached a new religion, Islam, which means “submission to the will of God”. According to Muslim belief, Muhammad was sent by God as a messenger. Muhammad was well respected in his home town of Mecca and his influence grew but many Meccans resented his new teaching and began to persecute him and his followers. In 622 he was driven out of Mecca and was invited to move to Yathrib (now Medina). His journey there is commemorated as the Hegira, which begins the Muslim calendar. Muhammad had several religious revelations and his teachings were written down in the Koran, the holy book of Islam. He set out religious laws that included five daily prayers and a month of fasting.

From 624 Muhammad and his followers had to fight their enemies. In 630 they captured Mecca, and smashed the pagan idols in the Kaaba, the holiest shrine in the city. Muhammad continued to preach and live simply.

When he died in 632, Muhammad left a daughter, Fatima, but no son and he did not name anyone to succeed him. His friend and father-in-law, Abu Bakr, was chosen as argument soon broke out between Muhammad’s followers. Some, known as Shiites, thought only the descendants of Fatima and her husband, Ali, should succeed Muhammad. Others, who came to be known as Sunnis, believed that any follower of Islam could succeed Muhammad. The argument soon became political as well as religious and has not been settled to this day.

Muhammad is presented as reflecting an ideal: courageous, resolute, yet gentle. He preached a new way of worship and created a state from a collection of Arab tribes. The new Muslim state was soon to defeat much larger empires and create a new and powerful force in the world.

第二篇:《The Truth about the Environment》

The Truth about the Environment

1 For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: That natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet’s air and water are becoming ever more polluted. 2 But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book ‘The Limits to Growth’ was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient - associated with the early phases of industrialization and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming --- does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.

3 Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seems to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.

4 One is lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist that is the case.

5 Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling. In. understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: ‘Two thirds of the world’s forests lost forever’. The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.

6 Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organization arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organization opposing such a wakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.

7 A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more curious about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was America’s encounter with El Nino in 1997 and 1998. T励志学习名言his climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19billion. These came from higher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).

8 The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire Untied States.

9 So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3℃ in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost

of US$5,000 billion.

10 Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature in crease that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.

11 So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the world’s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.

12 It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic --- but more costly still to be too pessimistic.

Reading Exercises

Questions 1-6: Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?

(Yes/ No/ Not Given)

1 Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world for a number of reasons.

2 Data on the Earth’s natural resources has only been collected since 1972.

3 The number of starving people in the world has increased in recent years.

4 Extinct species are being replaced by new species.

5 Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to industrialization.

6 It would be best to attempt to slow down economic growth.

Question 7 What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?

A the need to produce results

B the lack of financial support

C the selection of areas to research

D the desire to solve every research problem

Question 8 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how

A influential the mass media can be.

B effective environmental groups can be.

C the mass media can help groups raise funds

D environmental groups can exaggerate their claims.

Question 9 What is the writer’s main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?

A Some are more active than others

B Some are better organized than others.

C. some receive more criticism than others

D. Some support more important issues than others.

Question 10 The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to

A. educate readers

B. meet their readers’ expectations

C. encourage feedback from readers.

D mislead readers

Question 11 What does the writer say about America’s waste problem?

A. It will increase in line with population growth.

B. It is not as important as we have been led to believe.

C. It has been reduced through public awareness of the issues.

D. It is only significant in certain areas of the country.

Question 12-14in,the,early,1970s,the,rise,of,environmentalism。

The writer admits that global warming is a 12________ challenge, but says that it will not have a catastrophic impact on our future, if we deal with it in the 13__________ way. If we try to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases, he believes that it would only have a minimal impact on rising temperatures. He feels it would be better to spend money on the more 14_________ health problem of providing the world’s population with clean drinking water.

语文作文范文

A unrealistic B agreed C expensive D right E long-term F usual G surprising H personal I urgent

第三篇:《2014高考英语新课标II真题及答案word版 无听力》

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标II卷

英 语

本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。考试结束后，将本试卷和答案卡一并交回。

注意事项：

1．答第I卷前考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．选出每小题答案前，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号框,不能答在本试卷上，否则无效。

第一部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）

第一节 (共15小题；每小题2分，满分40分)

阅读下列列短文，从学科网每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑．

A

Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for short time while looking for a house for me and our children.

During the first week of stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.

He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.

Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can (垃圾桶) that had been left out on the footpath.

My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend. our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm with their way.

21. What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney？in,the,early,1970s,the,rise,of,environmentalism。

A. Go shoppingin,the,early,1970s,the,rise,of,environmentalism。

B. Find a home

C. Join the family

D. Take a vacation

22. The girl’s parents got Rashid’s phone number from __________.

A. a friend of his family

B. a Sydney policeman

C. a letter in his papers

D. a stranger in Sydney

23. What does the underlined word ―restored‖ in the last paragraph mean?

A. Showed.

B. Sent out.

C. Delivered.

D. Gave back

24. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. From India to Australia.

B. Living in a New Country.

C. Turning Trash to Treasure.

D. In Search of New Friends.

B

Since the first earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot "greener" toward the environment. "We didn't know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it," says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.

But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. ―The understanding has increased many, many times,‖ says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.

According to US government reports, emissions (排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place .A kind of ―green thinking‖ has become part of practices.

Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.

Twenty–five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today, it’s hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program.‖ Until we do that, nothing else will change! ‖ say Bruce Anderson.

25. According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about ___

A. the social movement

B. recycling techniques

C. environmental problems

D. the importance of Earth Day

26. Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?

A. The grass –roots level

B. The business circle

C. Government officials

D. University professors

27. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?

A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest

B. They have settled their environmental problems

C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.

D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.

28. What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph?

A. Educationin,the,early,1970s,the,rise,of,environmentalism。

B. Planning

C. Green living

D. CO reduction

C

One of the latest trend（趋势）in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in Stamford, Conn, for example, has got increasing numbers of request for Chinese au pairs from zero to around 4,000 since 2004. And that’s true all across the country.in,the,early,1970s,the,rise,of,environmentalism。

―I thought it would be useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age‖ Joseph Stocke, the managing director of a company, says of his 2-year old son. ―I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future,‖ After only six months o家乡的美食f being cared by 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.

Li Drake, a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband, had another reason for looking for an au pair from China. She didn’t want her children to miss out on their roots.‖ Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接触) the language and culture.‖ she says.

―Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,‖ says Suzanne Flynn, a professor in language education of Children. ‖But parents must understand that just one year with au pair is unlikely to produce wonders. Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.‖

The popularity of au pairs from china has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese. It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.

29. What does that term‖ au pair‖ in the text mean?

A. A mother raising her children on her own

B. A child learning a foreign language at home

C. A professor in language education of children

D. A young foreign woman taking care of children.

30. Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ______.

A. to live in China some day

B. to speak the language at home

C. to catch up with other children

D. to learn about the Chinese culture

31. What can we infer from the text?

A. Learning Chinese is becoming popular In America,

B. Educated woman do better in looking after children

C. Chinese au pairs need to improve their English Skills.

D. Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.

D

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