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第一篇:《Culture_shock》

culture shock

Culture shock refers to the and (of surprise, disorientation, uncertainty, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within a different and unknown cultural or , such as a foreign country. It grows out of the difficulties in the new , causing difficulty in knowing what is appropriate and what is not. This is often combined a dislike for or even ( or ) with certain aspects of the new or different culture. The term was introduced for the first time in 1954 by .

Phases of culture shock

The shock (of moving to a foreign country) often consists of distinct phases, though not everyone passes through these phases and not everyone is in the new culture long enough to pass through all three:

Honeymoon Phase - During this period the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light, wonderful and new. For example, in moving to a new country, an individual might love the new foods, the pace of the life, the people's habits, the buildings and so on.

 Negotiation Phase - After some time (usually weeks), differences between the

old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety. One may long for food the way it is prepared in one's native country, may find the pace of life too fast or slow, may find the people's habits annoying, etc. This phase is often marked by mood swings caused by minor issues or without apparent

reason. Depression is not uncommon.

 Adjustment Phase - Again, after some time (usually 6 - 12 months), one

grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. One becomes concerned with basic living again, and things become more

"normal".

 Reverse Culture Shock (a.k.a. Re-entry Shock) - Returning to one's home

culture after growing accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as described above, which an affected person often finds more surprising and difficult to deal with as the original culture shock. 

There are three basic outcomes of the Adjustment Phase:

 Some people find it impossible to accept the foreign culture and integrate.

They isolate themselves from the host country's environment, which they

come to perceive as hostile, withdraw into a ghetto and see return to their own culture as the only way out. These people also have the greatest problems

re-integrating back home after return. Approx. 60% of expatriates behave in this way.

Some people integrate fully and take on all parts of the host culture while

losing their original identity. They normally remain in the host country forever. Approx. 10% of expatriates belong to this group.

 Some people manage to adapt the aspects of the host culture they see as positive, while keeping some of their own and creating their unique blend.

They have no major problems returning home or relocating elsewhere. Approx. 30% of expatriates are these so-called Cosmopolitans. 

Coping with culture shock

This article or section contains .

The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to teach subject matter. Please help either by rewriting the how-to content or by it to .

Experience makes it easier to cope with the difficulties of relocation. Some common strategies used to make the transition easier are::

Learning about the country and its culture before departing: E.g. reading,

studying the language or attending cultural classes. This way, the country and its people are more familiar upon arrival, one is more aware of differences and better prepared to deal with them.

 Avoiding offence: Trying to not be offended, not offend locals, or be

entangled in cultural misunderstanding.

 Being about the culture one visits and tolerant / accepting of its unfamiliar aspects.

 Taking a 'time out' or rest apart from cultural exchange in order to reduce the 'shock' of adjustment. 

Some researchers claim that culture shock has many positive effects on intercultural sojourners, like increasing [3] and helping improve self-motivation.

Kalervo Oberg (1901-1973) was a world-renowned anthropologist. Oberg was

dedicated to fieldwork, serving as a civil servant and a teacher. He traveled the world and wrote about these experiences so others could enjoy them as well.

Born to Finnish parents in , Oberg is perhaps best known for applying the term to all people who travel abroad into new cultures and for his doctoral dissertation, The Social Economy of the Tlingit Indians of Alaska. 主要经历四个阶段

发生“文化休克”的过程大体经历四个阶段：蜜月阶段、沮丧阶段、恢复调整阶段和适应阶段。

蜜月阶段：指学生刚来到新的环境后常常对将来的生活、学习充满美好的憧憬，对异地文化环境中的所见所闻都感到新鲜，处于乐观的、兴奋的“蜜月阶段”。

好景不长，很多新生来到新环境一段时间后，就会进入第二阶段———沮丧阶段：“蜜月”期过后，由于自己原有的环境因素、生活方式、生活习惯等与现实情况相去甚远，加上人生地不熟，孤独少援，导致种种生活不便，初来乍到时的新鲜和兴奋的感觉会渐渐被失望、失落、烦恼和焦虑所替代。

在经历了这段沮丧和迷惑之后，孩子会进入下一阶段———恢复调整阶段：孩子在逐渐适应了新生活之后，会找到对付新环境的办法，解开一些疑团，熟悉当地的环境，了解当地的风俗习惯，与周围的人接触多起来，逐步与同学建立起友谊关系。他们心理上的混乱、沮丧、孤独感会渐渐减少，慢慢适应异地文化的环境。

随后，学生们会进入———适应阶段：沮丧、烦恼和焦虑消失，基本上适应了新的文化环境，适应了当地的风俗习惯，能与周围的人和睦相处。其中绝大多数新生可以调整好心态，享受知识带来的乐趣；但也有一小部分新生不能正确应对已出现的“文化休克”，以致一蹶不振，严重影响自己的学习和生活。

预防应从现在开始

为了将“文化休克”的负面影响降到最小程度，对于那些独立生活和心理承受能力不强、即将离家走入新学校的孩子，家长们应充分利用目前这段时间进行相关的训练是必要的。首先，可以通过各种途径，充分了解将要就读学校所在地的风俗习惯、地理环境和人文知识。其次，可以让孩子进行有针对性的独立生活的模拟训练，例如从现在起，让孩子自己洗衣、做饭、整理房间。有条件的可以让孩子离家到陌生环境中小住几日。第三，增加体育锻炼强度，提高身体素质和毅力，为入学后参加高强度的军训打好基础。第四，扩大社交圈子，踊跃参加一些有益的社会活动，以开阔视野，学习如何处理人际关系。

“文化休克”(CulturalShock)是1958年美国人类学家奥博格

(KalveroOberg)提出来的一个概念，是指一个人进入到不熟悉的文化环境时，因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段而产生的一种迷失、疑惑、排斥甚至恐惧的感觉。

记得我当年刚到国外的那段时间，也有过这种现象，后来自己慢慢的调整才适应了那里的一切。在这里想给即将出国的学生说几点关于克服“文化休克”的经验，希望学子们在异国收获多多，能为未来留学之旅画上圆满的句号。

首先在出国前，要详细了解留学国家的衣食住行、风土人情等信息，这些都是与我们生活息息相关，提前了解有助于减小心理落差，尽早的适应国外生活环境；其次是到国外之后与人交流一定要有主动性，不要害怕自己说错。外国人听我们说不流利的英文就如同我们听外国人说不流利的中文一样，不会被看不起，只有经常与人交流，胆子才会变大，口语才能提高；再次是要有良好的心态。当遭遇到了“水土不服”的情况，不要产生消极情绪，要学会自我调节，学会慢慢的适应环境。

海外学子要正确认识“文化休克”现象，它不是一种疾病，是主观心理的反应，是东西方文化间的认识观和价值观差异在瞬间冲撞下产生的一种短期效应，因此要正确的看待。更重要的是要跨越这种现象，不要因为产生“文化休克”反应，就怀疑自己、否定自己。因此遭遇“文化休克”的学生与其选择后退，不如选择克服，这样才能成长，达到自己的出国目的。

文化休克：英国人认为美国人很不野蛮，一定要把牛排全切碎满盘子都是，再一块一块吃；美国人认为英国人很馋，一大块牛排等不及都切好了，切下来一小块就赶紧吃了。culture,shock,refers,to,the。

文化休克：中国人和老外一起吃西餐的牛骨，心想刀叉怎么切这骨头啊，等着，看老外怎么吃，原来人家用手拿起来吃；老外和中国人一起吃中餐，想，用筷子你们怎么喝汤啊？难道筷子是中空的可以当吸管用吗？等着，看中国人怎么喝，原来是端起碗直接喝啊。

文化休克无处不在。

周一大早赶到机场候机厅，办理登机牌的时候，被东方航空公司通知航班延误要去改签，来到改签柜台，改签柜台排队，一个老外站在我前面，他既不靠左边的一队，也不站在右边的一队，而是站在两队中间的位置。我便不知道站在他哪边，我后边的人也在问我。于是就对他说，先生，请问你站哪边？他说，我站中间。其他两队都是一列一列的，他也看到了。我也没客气，回他说，您只能选一边；他说：两边都办理一样的业务我为什么不可以站中间。我回他说，那四个窗口都办同样的业务，你怎么不去最后边站在四个窗口中间啊？我是理解他的“文化”的，他是想以我们去银行办业务的那种思路来排队，大家统一取号，即先到先服务，绝对公平制。可是，在当时的情景下，这种思路是行不通的，只能选一边，他的文化必须向我们的文化暂时投降。估计老外心里肯定文化休克了一下：我为什么不可以这样排？这样更合理啊。

得知要将原本９点的航班改到中午１１点，这哪里是延误，和航班取消有什么不同呢？旁边很多人站在那里大声抱怨，偶知道抱怨是没用的，问明解决方案，就是去找值班经理。到了值班经理柜台，直接说，我必须走，你要给我想办法。还有一个小姑娘也跟了过来，我们的机票被最先受理。等待中，那些先前在那边抱怨的人也都过来这美丽的晚霞边了，可是，到他们时已经没有位置了，我和那个小姑娘被后补到八点半的航班，其余的人都要等十点的。在我们的很多文化中，服务者和被服务者是颠倒过来的，你付了钱还要看人家的脸色。更不用说那些公务员了，拿着我们纳税人的钱，可是，啥时候把纳税人当衣食父母了，他们都觉得自己是大爷。只要与政府部门打交道，哪怕是去街道办个什么事情，不跑上两三趟是决办不成的。所以，社会效率的整体低下，这些公务员是有很大责任的，因为要跑好多次，那么我们本来的工作就要被耽误。官方文化是足以让所有老百姓常常休克的。

这次去的客户是一家台资企业。在讨论设计流程的时候，总经理亲自参与，设计部经理（也是台湾人）与质检部经理（大陆人）意见不一致，讨论那天，质检部经理不在，是部门的一个小文员（大陆人）代表参加的。可是，在讨论中，

小文员丝毫不弱于设计部经理，甚至当总经理不表态的时候，小文员竟然问：Ｘ总，您的意思不也是要提高管理，不讲形式吗？那现在为什么要为了形式改动流程呢？总经理无言以对。这种民主式的讨论，让我这个旁观者汗颜，企业文化是自生的，如果把一个公司比做一个人，文化就是这个人的性格。当我们都认同性格决定命运的时候，我们是不是也同样认同，一个公司的企业文化，决定着企业的兴衰。有如此简单单纯的企业文化，这个企业还有什么事情是解决不了的呢？

晚上，客户请吃饭，白天“脸红脖子粗”的一群人，重又有说有笑。总经理是台湾人，是国民党的老党员，设计部经理是个女士无党派人士。席间，不免谈到台湾的大选啊，还有国民党与其他党派的过往。我对政治、时事是一窍不通的，他们说的人物，我也都不知道，尽管很有名，因为别人都知道。听他们讲党派之争，讲谁和谁打架，像听故事一样，休克在他们的席间文化中。

文化不处不在，如同我们身边总有不同性格的人。感受文化休克就像一个急性子的人遇到了慢脾气的人。越是ＯＰＥＮ，越是多元。在不断的休克中，不断的多元同化。只是，希望这种同化是越来越好的，是坏的文化被好的文化“同化”。

第二篇:《新视野大学英语四QuizReadingUnit5-6题目及答案》

Part 1 Multiple Choice

(每小题： 分)

Directions: Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

1. His answer was so confused that I could hardly make any ________ of it

描写老师的作文

at all.

A. interpretation

B. explanation

C. meaning

D. sense

2. Two of the children have to sleep in one bed, but the other three have

________ ones.

A. complete

B. singular

C. separate

D. different

3. If you think you can do my job better than I can, you are welcome to

________.

A. take it over

B. take it off

C. take it down

作文大全网

D. take it in

4. Shortly after his retirement, the former president ________ gardening andculture,shock,refers,to,the。

hunting.

A. took to

B. took onculture,shock,refers,to,the。

D. took afterculture,shock,refers,to,the。

5. Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession

women are in a ________.

A. scarcity

B. minority

C. minimum

D. shortage

6.

He looked ________, as if he'd missed a night's sleep.culture,shock,refers,to,the。

A. worn out

B. worn off

C. worn away

D. worn through

7. His dramatic change in opinion was ________ by the unspeakable wrong

done to him.

A. brought out

B. brought to

C. brought up

D. brought about

8. _______ available annually to the University for publishing books are

exhausted for the present.

学海无涯苦作舟的上一句

A. Expenses

B. Costs

D. Money

9. ________ I admit that the problems are difficult, I don't agree that they

can't be solved.

A. Suppose

B. Because

C. While

D. Until

10.

I must tell you that you ________ in your red overcoat the other night.

A. look so handsome

B. are looking so handsome

C. looked so handsome

D. were looked so handsome

11. I'd rather you ______ anything about it for the time being. You should

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